Patient Safety and Beyond: October 2020

Sunday 25 October 2020

Vaccine Pharmacovigilance Part- 3

In my last 2 blogs, we covered what are vaccines, challenges, benefits and key differences in vaccine pharmacovigilance. This is last blog on vaccines where we will see some interesting facts about vaccines.

We have only approx. 30 vaccines meaning only 30 diseases can be prevented as opposed to more than 20 thousand drugs.
WHO Recommends 15 vaccines currently for routine vaccination and 10 for selected usage.
UIP of India has 11 vaccines in the program such as BCG,OPV,HEP B, Pentavalent vaccine (dipt,tetanus,pertussis,Hib and hep b),rotavirus, Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine, Fractional Inactivated Poliomyelitis Vaccine, Measles/ MR vaccine, Japanese encephalitis vaccine, DPT booster and Tetanus toxoid.
First vaccine used via inoculation since 1000 CE in China,India,Africs and Turkey but first vaccine discovered by Edward Jenner for small pox in 1796 and six years later was given to a 3-year old girl in Mumbai, first Indian person to receive the vaccine.
Case-In 2011, WHO and a group of partners developed a strategic document on vaccine safety called the Global Vaccine Safety Blueprint. GVSI, was set up to implement the Blueprint strategy that aims for enhancing global vaccine safety activities especially vaccine pharmacovigilance in all low- and middle-income countries.
Vaccination is when a vaccine is administered to you (usually by injection). Immunisation is what happens in your body after you have the vaccination.
MenAfriVac, a revolutionary 1st vaccine developed in 2012 in collaboration with Serum Institute of India through the WHO and PATH Meningitis Vaccine Project, gained approval for use outside the cold chain – for as long as 4 days without refrigeration and at temperatures of up to 40°
Encouragingly, a recent report from the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America listed 145 new vaccines undergoing clinical trials testing, with many targeting infections for which there is no current vaccine (PhRMA, 2010).

Some sources to train or learn more on vaccines:

World Health Organization Global Training Network.https://www.who.int/ith/vaccines/en/

References:

1. https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jmm/61/7/889_jmm039180.pdf?expires=1563520785&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=CFDFF62D1140C568A15423186A717EFC

2. World Health Organization Global Training Network. "Similarities and differences between vaccines and medicines," In: WHO GlobalTraining Network: Adverse events following immunization (AEFI), Geneva: WHO, 2009

3. http://medind.nic.in/iby/t14/i4/ibyt14i4p491.pdf

4. https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jmm/61/7/889_jmm039180.pdf?expires=1563520785&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=CFDFF62D1140C568A15423186A717EFC

5. https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/138/3/e20162146

6. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/regulatory-procedural-guideline/guideline-conduct-pharmacovigilance-vaccines-pre-post-exposure-prophylaxis-against-infectious_en.pdf

7. https://cdsco.gov.in/opencms/export/sites/CDSCO_WEB/Pdfdocuments/biologicals/3GuidanceBioloGicalProducts.pdf

8. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2275444?resultClick=1

9. https://cioms.ch/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/report_working_group_on_vaccine_LR.pdf

10. https://cioms.ch/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/report_working_group_on_vaccine_LR.pdf

11. http://www.wpro.who.int/topics/immunization_safety/ImmunizationSafetySurveillance.pdf

12. https://jmm.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.039180-0;jsessionid=UqYxJJOAuK-VvmyvN7g9HPSv.x-sgm-live-03#tab2

13. http://www.searo.who.int/india/topics/routine_immunization/AEFI_standard_operating_procedures_SOPs_2010.pdf

Written by:

Dr.shraddha Bhange.

Connect with me Via comments below or on linkedin. (I do not respond to Facebook messages)

Support the cause of better rural education with me:ThinkSharp Foundation http://thinksharpfoundation.org/#home

Tuesday 13 October 2020

Vaccine Pharmacovigilance-Part 2

In my last blog we talked about what are vaccines and what are unique challenges in vaccine development and benefits of vaccine.

In this blog lets cover what are the key differences in vaccine pharmacovigilance.

1.Manufacturing or testing:

Testing of every batch is not done for other drug products. The lot release system is perhaps the greatest difference between the NRA vaccine functions and NRA functions for other medicines

2. Collection of adverse events:

· Pre-licensure studies (mostly Randomized Controlled Trialss) often identify common and acute negative reactions that occur with a frequency greater than 1 in 10,000 vaccinations, depending on total sample size of the study. Detection of uncommon or rare adverse events, or delayed onset AEs is, however, low in trials.
· Post-licensure monitoring of vaccine safety is needed to identify and evaluate such adverse events. Post-licensure clinical trials and phase IV surveillance studies are almost mandatory for vaccine safety.
· Passive surveillance systems (or spontaneous reporting systems) is cornerstone for monitoring vaccine surveillance.
· AEFI programs are mainstay in terms of ensuring vaccine safety e.g.The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) system in U.S and AEFI program in India that collects and analyze vaccination related AE’s separately.

3. Processing of adverse events:

· Causality- Similar as drug safety but important addition would be, clinical or laboratory proof that the vaccine caused the event. Causality assessment has to be performed for eligible AE’s to ensure to establish if it is vaccine related,immunization errors or coincidental event.
· Time to onset- Delayed onset reactions due to immunological factors
· Action taken- This includes risk prevention and risk minimization measures such as withdrawal of the lot, changing manufacturing specifications or quality control, SmPc/PIL update,change in logistics for supplying vaccine,change in procedures at the health facility, training of health workers and intensified supervision.
· Dechallenge and Rechallenge- This information is not always available or possible
· Follow up - HCPs (Healthcare Professionals) may hide administration or storage errors,lot number is must which many times is missed.
· Risk-Benefit assessment –This is done at an community level and not limited to individual level.
· Safety Reporting forms - This are different for vaccines, e.g.VAERS Form, AEFI form.

4. Reportable AEFI's :

Adverse Event Following Immunization (AEFI)- This are the AEs for which there is mandatory requirement for reporting to MAH (Marketing Authorization Holder) or HA (Health Authority).

· serious AEFIs,
· signals and events associated with a newly introduced vaccine
· AEFIs that may have been caused by an immunization error-related reaction
· significant events of unexplained cause occurring within 30 days after vaccination
· events causing significant parental or community concern
· Swelling, redness, soreness at the injection site IF it lasts for more than 3 days or swelling extends beyond nearest joint

So this are the key differences we need to keep in mind when processing vaccine AEs. There are of course more, this is short summary.

In my next blog, lets discuss with examples some interesting facts about various vaccines.